## FANDOM

String Theory
Prior to the First Superstring Revolution
Early History S-Matrix Theory
Regge Trajectory
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String
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Superstring Revolutions
First Superstring Revolution GSO Projection
Type II String Theory
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Type IIA String Theory
Type I String Theory
Type H String Theory
Type HO String Theory
Type HE String Theory
Second Superstring Revolution T-Duality
D-Brane
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M-Theory
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N=4 Super-Yang-Mills Theory
BFSS Matrix Theory
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 This article or section 's content is very similar or exactly the same as that at Wikipedia. This is because the contributor of this article had initially contributed it to wikipedia.

Type HE String Theory, also known as the $E(8)\times E(8)$ Heterotic String Theory, is a 10-dimensional Heterotic String Theory.[1]

## Action PrincipleEdit this section

The Action is the Heterotic String Action. It is given by the following Action across the Worldsheet:[1][2]

$S_H=\iint \frac{T}{2}{{h}^{ab}}\left( {{\partial }_{a}}{{X}^{\mu }}{{\partial }_{b}}{{X}^{\nu }}- \sum\limits_{k=1}^{32}{\left( i\hbar c_0 \bar{\lambda_{\mu}} \not\partial \lambda ^\mu \right)}-\left( i\hbar c_0\bar{\psi_{\mu }} \not\partial\psi^\mu \right) \right){{g}_{\mu \nu }}\sqrt{-\det h_{\alpha\beta}}\mbox{ d}\sigma\mbox{ d}\tau$

The corresponding Lagrangian Density is given by:[1][2]

${{\mathsf{\mathcal{L}}}_{\mathsf{\mathcal{H}}}}=\frac{T}{2}{{h}^{ab}}\left( {{\partial }_{a}}{{X}^{\mu }}{{\partial }_{b}}{{X}^{\nu }}- \sum\limits_{k=1}^{32}{\left( i\hbar c_0 \bar{\lambda_{\mu}} \not\partial \lambda ^\mu \right)}-\left( i\hbar c_0\bar{\psi_{\mu }} \not\partial\psi^\mu \right) \right){{g}_{\mu \nu }}$

## Compactification of mismatched dimensionsEdit this section

With this action for the Type H String Theory being different from the ordinary RNS Action, we have the issue of imbalance between bosons and fermions out of the way. Now, we need to tackle the problem of the left-movers being in 26 dimensions and the right-movers being in 10 dimensions. To do that, we will compactify the $26-10=16$ mismatched dimensions on a lattice. Naturally, to preserve the symmetries of the Heterotic String Action above, we need to make this lattice be unimodular.

The left-movers are the Bosonic String, so we have to consider compactifying 16 dimensions of the Bosonic String. So, we will do the following considerations:[2]

Compactification on this lattice with "dimensionless momenta" $\vec v_L$ and $\vec v_R$ would lead to the following condition:

$\|\vec v_L\|^2 - \|\vec v_R\|^2 + 2 (N - \tilde N) = 0$

But since only the left-movers are Bosonic Strings and need to be compactified $\vec v_R=0$,.

$\|\vec v_L\|^2 = 0 - 2 (N - \tilde N)=-2\left(N-\tilde N\right)$

I.e. the norm-squared is even. A lattice made of such vectors is an Even Lattice, and thus, the lattice also needs to be somewhat even.

The only suitable even, unimodular, 16 dimensional lattices are $E(8)\times E(8)$ and $\frac{\operatorname{Spin}\left(32\right)}{\mathbb Z _2}$. The Type HE String Theory is the former.

Note that $E(8) \times E(8)$ is also the gauge group of the Type HE string theory.

## Suitability as a Theory of EverythingEdit this section

The necessity for Heterotic Strings arose when it was found that Type IIB String Theory was not suitable for the Theory of Everything and neither was Type IIA.[3] However, the gauge group $E(8)\times E(8)$ is suitable for a Theory of Everything as it can easily include the Standard Model gauge group as a Subgroup.[3]

## T-Duality with Type HO String TheoryEdit this section

Until the Second Superstring Revolution, it was thought that the Type HE String Theory and Type HO String Theory were only connected due to their mismatched forms (i.e. with the 16 mismatched dimensions uncompactified.). However, this is useless, as this is neither a duality nor an equivalence, so one may not derive one String Theory from the other this way. During the Second Superstring Revolution, it was discovered that these two are actually related by T-Duality.

The root lattice of $E(8)\times E(8)$ is $\Gamma^8\oplus\Gamma^8$, whereas the root lattice of $\mathrm{Spin}(32)$ is $\Gamma^{16}$. Since:

$\Gamma^8\oplus\Gamma^8\oplus \Gamma^{1,1}=\Gamma^{16}\oplus \Gamma^{1,1}$,

The two types of Type H String Theory are T-Duality to each other.

## ReferencesEdit this section

1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 McMohan, David (2008). String theory demistified. McGraw-Hill. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-0-07-149870-8.
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-521-63304-8.
3. 3.0 3.1 Mohaupt, Thomas (2002). "Introduction to String theory". Lecture Notes in Physics. 2002 631: 173–251. arXiv:hep-th/0207249. Bibcode 2003LNP...631..173M. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45230-0_5. ISBN 978-3-540-40810-9.